Vishnu Karle

  Introduction: The Constitution of India conferred the power on the President of India and the Governors of the States by  Articles 72 and 161  respectively. A pardon is an act of  mercy, forgiveness, and clemency. The concept of pardon is an artefact of older times, of an age where an omnipotent monarch possessed the  power to punish or remit any punishment. In India, the  power to pardon is a part of the Constitutional scheme. The Power of pardon exists to prevent injustice, whether from harsh, unjust laws or from judgments which result in injustice; hence the necessity of vesting that power in an authority other than the judiciary has always been recognised. When can the President use his Pardoning Powers? The President can use any one of the pardoning powers in the cases mentioned below: When he is considering a case of punishment against a person who has committed an offence against a Union Law When he is considering a case of punishment where the latter is given by the court-mar

  India's constitution is neither rigid nor flexible. Parliament is empowered to amend the Indian Constitution under Article 368, subjected to ‘Basic structure of Constitution’. It is done in three ways: By simple majority By special majority By special majority with ratification by half of the states. Important Amendments 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 Added Ninth schedule to protect land reforms and other laws from the scrutiny of Judicial review. Insertion of new Article 31A and Article 31 B. Amended Article 19 by adding three more ground of reasonable restriction on freedom of speech and expression. 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 State reorganization on a linguistic basis. Abolished classification of states into four categories and reorganized them into 14 states and 6 UTs. Appointment of a Governor for two or more states. Establishment of common High Court for two or more states, extended jurisdiction of the High Court to union territories. Appointment of addit