Vishnu Karle

             Spread on the table in front of him were sheets of paper, a pot of ink, a small knife and a quill. NIGHT HAD FALLEN on the new penal settlement north of Sydney town. It was June 1812 and its name, Newcastle, had just been proclaimed – or rather, borrowed from the coal port in northeastern England – as the permanent replacement for the earlier title of Coal River. The long, low wooden barracks was in darkness except for a flickering glow that could be seen through a small open window at one end. The light was coming from a candle sputtering on the table at which the convict residents had eaten their evening meal. Still sitting there was a man of 30 wearing the grey flannel of a convict. Spread on the table in front of him were sheets of paper, a pot of ink, a small knife and a quill. This was James Hardy Vaux, and he was writing Australia’s first dictionary. Born in 1782, Vaux grew up in the Shropshire market town of Shifnal. His father wor...

Live-in relationship is GOOD. Live in relationship is an arrangement where two people are not married but live together in one house. They are often involved in a romantic or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis. The Supreme Court said that an adult couple can be in a Live in relationship even when the man's age is below 21 years, the legal age for marriage. A survey found out that in Mumbai, about 50% of the couples in the 20-28 age group are in live-ins. But, 70% breakup within 2 years.  Following are the advantages of live in relationship: 1. Likes dislikes, and behaviour of a partner can be known in a better way.  2. Couples can analyse whether their relationship  will be compatible in the future or not.  3. Divorce rate will gradually decrease.  4. Breaking up after marriage is more difficult than breaking up before marriage.  5. Marriage will not be due to family pressure or social obligations.  6. A sense of understan...

Abraham Lincoln once said, "Democracy means government of the people, for the people and by the people". Democracy is the best government because no other form of government is better than this.  Democracy is in crisis all over the world. The civil rights of people, free speech, free press, the rule of law, independence of judiciary all is under crisis all over the world. The totalitarian regimes are emerging. Popular leaders are taking nation towards dictatorship. India is not exception to this.  The ruling party's government is taking nation towards the dictatorship. It used ths state institutions like ED and CBI to harass the opposition leaders.  Central party's main goal is to become the one party state in India. It has toppled many State governments with money power. They are trying best to finish local parties in the States.  The democratically elected Shivsena government in Maharashtra was toppled by the BJP. Wherever they get less seats they purchase the elec...

       आधुनिक मानवशास्त्राच्या प्रवर्तकापैकी ऐक इंग्लंडमधील विद्वान डाॅ.ब्रिफ्फो यांनी 'माता' (द मदर्स) नावाचा एक महत्त्वाचा ग्रंथ लिहिला आहे, त्याच्या आधाराने पुढील लेख लिहिला आहे. त्यावरुन कवींनी प्रेमाचे कितीही गोडवे गायिले तरी त्यांत सत्याचा फारसा संबंध नसतो हे उघड होईल. अर्थात यामुळे प्रेमाचे किंमत कमी होते असे नाही. ऑक्सिजन व हायड्रोजन हे दोन वायु एकजीव होऊन त्याचे पाणी का बनते, याचे कारण त्यांच्यामध्ये स्त्री पुरुषांसारखेच आकर्षण असते, असे एका प्रख्यात जर्मन तत्वज्ञाने लिहिले आहे. लोहचुंबकाकडे लोखंड का जाते? हे प्रेमच नव्हे काय? ऐकंदर जगातील सर्व घडामोडी प्रेमावरच आधारलेल्या आहेत, अशीच यावरून कल्पना होईल.  काही प्राण्यात समागम म्हणजे दोघांचे युद्धच असते आणि यांत नराला आणि मादीलाही गंभीर स्वरुपाच्या जखमा होतात, उदाहरणार्थ खेकड्यांचे काही पाय त्यांत जातात. ऐका लेखकाने उंटांसंबंधी लिहिले आहे की त्यांचा समागम झाल्याबरोबर उंटीण उंटावर हल्ला करून त्याला पळ काढायला लावते. कित्येक प्राण्यांत  याउलट प्रकार होऊन मादीला पळ काढावा लागतो, जसे गोरीला मांकडांमधील स...

फ्रेंचमद्ये एक म्हण आहे की संसार सुरळीत चालायला पाहिजे असेल तर नवरा बहिरा आणि बायको आंधळी असावी. याचा अर्थ असा की दोघांनीही सहनशीलता दाखवावी. पण अलीकडे या सहनशीलतेची प्रवृत्ति कमी कमी होत आहे. ज्या काळी लोक परमार्थाकडेच लक्ष देत होते आणि संसारात सुख व्हायचे नाही असे धरुन चालत असे, तेंव्हा त्यांची बंड करण्याची प्रवृती नव्हती. परंतु आता परमार्थाला कोणी विचारत नाही आणि ऐहिक सुखालाच लोक महत्व देऊ लागले आहेत. तेंव्हा विवाहासारखी दुसरी शिक्षा नाही असे पुष्कळांना वाटु लागले आहे. कामवासनेच्या बाबतीत वयाचा प्रश्न महत्वाचा असतो हे पुष्कळांना कळत नाही. हा शरीरशास्त्राचा प्रश्न आहे आणि नीतिनियमांचा संबंध नाही. स्त्री नेहमी पुरुषापेक्षा लवकर म्हातारी होते आणि ती कितीही सुंदर असली तरी काही वयापलीकडे ती पुरुषाचे समाधान करु शकत नाही. यामुळेच पुरुषाचे वय झालें तरीही त्याला तरुण स्त्रीची ईच्छा असते आणि ही ईच्छा पुर्ण न झाली तर तो नेहमी अतृप्त राहतो. स्वत:च्या वयातीत स्त्रीशी जरी त्याने संबंध ठेवले तरी तो केवळ भुकेला कोंडा अशा स्वरुपाचा असतो आणि तिची नेहमीची सवय झाल्यामुळे तिचे आकर्षक आणखी कमी होते. यामु...

  Introduction: The Constitution of India conferred the power on the President of India and the Governors of the States by  Articles 72 and 161  respectively. A pardon is an act of  mercy, forgiveness, and clemency. The concept of pardon is an artefact of older times, of an age where an omnipotent monarch possessed the  power to punish or remit any punishment. In India, the  power to pardon is a part of the Constitutional scheme. The Power of pardon exists to prevent injustice, whether from harsh, unjust laws or from judgments which result in injustice; hence the necessity of vesting that power in an authority other than the judiciary has always been recognised. When can the President use his Pardoning Powers? The President can use any one of the pardoning powers in the cases mentioned below: When he is considering a case of punishment against a person who has committed an offence against a Union Law When he is considering a case of punishment where the lat...

  India's constitution is neither rigid nor flexible. Parliament is empowered to amend the Indian Constitution under Article 368, subjected to ‘Basic structure of Constitution’. It is done in three ways: By simple majority By special majority By special majority with ratification by half of the states. Important Amendments 1st Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 Added Ninth schedule to protect land reforms and other laws from the scrutiny of Judicial review. Insertion of new Article 31A and Article 31 B. Amended Article 19 by adding three more ground of reasonable restriction on freedom of speech and expression. 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 State reorganization on a linguistic basis. Abolished classification of states into four categories and reorganized them into 14 states and 6 UTs. Appointment of a Governor for two or more states. Establishment of common High Court for two or more states, extended jurisdiction of the High Court to union territories. Appointment of addit...